Merapi Eruption 2010

In late October 2010 the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Indonesian language—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.


Observers at Babadan 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west and Kaliurang 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the mountain reported hearing an avalache on 12 September 2010. On 13 September 2010 white plumes were observed rising 800 metres (2,600 ft) above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0.1 millimetres (0.0039 in) to 0.3 millimetres (0.012 in) per day to a rate of 11 millimetres (0.43 in) per day on 16 September. On 19 September 2010 earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi in Central Java began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption.
On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity
After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872 on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside. By this time 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced. Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano. By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275. The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano’s slopes.
In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November Yogyakarta’s Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang. By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.
On Friday 3 December 2010 the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. As of 3 December 2010, at 09.00 am, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of "Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) radius.
SOURCE:

1. ^ 'Global Volcanism Program, SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports Merapi, 22–28 September 2010, accessed 26 Oct 2010
2. ^ Malik, Candra (2010-10-24). "Mount Merapi's Swelling Signals Huge Eruption, Scientists Warn". TheJakartaGlobe.com. The Jakarta Globe. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/mount-merapis-swelling-signals-huge-eruption-scientists-warn/403039. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
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5. ^ BNPB (2010-11-09). "Rekor Baru Letusan Merapi" (in Indonesian). Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana-Indonesian Disaster Management Office. http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
6. ^ "Indonesia volcano eruption slows". AFP. Yahoo news/AFP. 2010-11-10. http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101110/wl_afp/indonesiavolcano;_ylt=Atrp1gonuAiD7VkzJPv66p4Bxg8F;_ylu=X3oDMTJvMjhlczhoBGFzc2V0A2FmcC8yMDEwMTExMC9pbmRvbmVzaWF2b2xjYW5vBHBvcwMyNQRzZWMDeW5fcGFnaW5hdGVfc3VtbWFyeV9saXN0BHNsawNpbmRvbmVzaWF2b2w-. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
7. ^ AP (2010-11-09). "Death toll from Indonesian volcano rises to 153". Yahoo News per Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
8. ^ "Laporan aktivitas G. Merapi tanggal 18 November 2010 pukul 00:00 sampai dengan pukul 12:00 WIB-Activity report Merapi on 18 November 2010 at 00:00 until 12:00 pm". CVGHM (PVMBG). 2010-11-18. http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:laporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49:merapi. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
9. ^ "Indonesia's Merapi Back to Its Belching Ways, Spewing Rocks in New Direction". Jakarta Globe from Antara=. 2010-11-17. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
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11. ^ "Death Toll in Merapi Eruptions Climbs to 324". Jakarta Globe. 2010-11-25. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
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13. ^ "Indonesia Downgrades Mount Merapi’s Danger Level". Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta. 2010-03-12. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesia-downgrades-mount-merapis-danger-level/409878. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
14. ^ "Status Merapi turun ke level3". Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. 2010-03-12. http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218. Retrieved 2010-05-12.

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